Archiv 1/1999
Studie
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Fragmentace a polarita v latinskoamerických systémech politických stran
Maxmilián StrmiskaAbstrakt
The paper explores of fragmentation and polarity in eight Latin American party systems. It argues that it is necessary to re-examine and to take seriously the risk of eclecticism in the research into Latin American party arrangements. It seems that recent works of S. Mainwaring, T. R. Scully, and M. Coppedge have helped to Legitimize and promote methodological eclecticism and thus they have contributed to confusion within theory of party systems. As far as the fragmentation issue is concerned, it is an illusion to suppose that applying the “effective number of parties” could substitute for assessing and counting of relevant parties. A plural competitive party system could not be studied in depth as a set of patterned interactions without paying a sufficient attention to its party components conceived primarily as operation units and then to patterns of their interactions. Yet, this seems to be difficult for the so called new institutionalism approach, which has been incapable to treat and investigate party arrangements properly as systems and/or sets of patterned interactions. If this is the case, we could ask whether it would not be better to forget about the institutionalism “new conventional wisdom” and to get back to more traditional concepts of relevant parties, formats and mechanics, structured and fluid party systems. Of course, there is no need to eliminate or refuse to consider institutionalism conceptions at all. Nevertheless, it is important to notice that sometimes it is quite useful and necessary to apply different notions and approaches separately and not to confuse them. This is the case of the research into the Latin American party systems. Within this perspective, the paper investigates the fragmentation and polarity of the contemporary party arrangements of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Uruguay, and Venezuela. The number and position of major and minor poles is briefly analyzed with respect to their size and composition. The paper suggests that identifying configuration of major poles and minor poles is of key importance for assessing patterns of party interactions properly. However, this is a difficult task in the context of Latin American presidential regimes, because a number of dimensions and factors must be taken into account. It is necessary to distinguish between various forms of polarity that could materialize in different levels of operating of the system (presidential, parliamentary, regional). The last part of the paper commented on current configuration of poles and tendencies in developing of polarity, especially in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Venezuela.
Klíčová slova
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Od mezinárodního institucionalismu k revolučnímu expansionismu: Zahraničně politická debata v současném Rusku
Anrei P. TsygankovAbstrakt
The purpose of this essay review is to explore the foreign policy discourse in contemporary Russia. The argument is made that Russian foreign policy is still open to the influence of ideas across the political spectrum and that examining the discourse extant in the society is useful in reveling the country’s competing schools of thought. Four schools of thought are identified that have different definitions of security and different policy goals. After defining the four schools security assumptions, attention is directed toward analyzing the images each has of Russia as an international actor and about Russia’s international environment. The essay concludes with a consideration of the grand strategies that follow from each school’s proposals and offers a preliminary assessment of the possible evolution of Russian foreign policy drawing on the relative status of each school.
Klíčová slova
Články
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Evropská lidová strana jako příklad vznikajicího systému evropských politických stran
Robert SchusterAbstrakt
The article examines one of the first European party federations, the European People’s Party (EPP). Its foundation represented the climax of many years of cooperation between European Christian-democratic parties. Thanks to philosophical and programmatic principles common to all its member parties, such as the personality conception of Man, the EPP enjoys a considerably higher degree of inner cohesion the personality conception of Man, the EPP enjoys a considerably higher degree of inner cohesion compared to the European socialists and liberals. From the very beginning, the EPP was conceived as a party seeking to integrate various interest groups, (women, employees etc.) which was reflected in the gradual emergence of the corresponding associations within the party’s structure. The later development of the party was importantly influenced by the decision to open it up to conservative parties (mainly from Scandinavia and southern Europe). There was, however, disagreement within the EPP about the admission of the conservatives, which made obvious some differences between the member parties. These differences are shaped by the particular positions of the member parties within their respective national political systems, as well as the dominant attitude of the respective national populations toward European integration.
Klíčová slova
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Definice zájmových skupin
Petr FialaAbstrakt
The article deals with the analysis of the most frequently used definitions of the organized interests. The author compares classical definitions of interest groups (e.g. by Weber, Truman, Almond) and those that appear in the recent literature of the field with contemporary empirical knowledge about the activities of the interest organizations. He shows the uneasy character of the definitions built upon the criteria which are just certain aspects of the interest “groups” activities and thus are of unstable nature, as well as those definitions differentiating between political and unpolitical associations where only the political ones are identified with interest organizations. On the other hand we can consider much more convincing those definitions that do not problematically try to limit the range of interest groups to the organizations which have permanent political dimension but define them according to the tradition of Weber’s definition of an association as an organization where a “political activity” isn’t a fundamental criterium of a definition. The definition must be broad enough to embrace all interest groups including those which, primarily, have no (visible) political dimension and which do not even implement their member’s interests through the pressure on other groups or institutions, but only within a “social unit”.
Klíčová slova
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Vybrané aspekty evropské politické integrace
Tomáš DoležalAbstrakt
In this article, the author is trying to describe some political aspects of European integration. The presentation is divided into two parts. The first part deals with the fields of political integration of EU and describes the development and basic characteristics of The Common Foreign and Security Policy and The Cooperation of Justice and Home Affairs. The author brings out a new approach of the Amsterdam Treaty as well. In the second part author writes about the marks and elements of political integration and refers to supranancionality and its questioned definition, the principle of subsidiary, the citizenship of EU and regionalism. In his conclusion the author shows that the EU has already contained both typical integrating elements and some federalist approaches. This combination has to ensure continuance of further political integration of Europe.
Klíčová slova
Materiály
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Maďarská politika směrem k národnostním maďarským menšinám na přelomu tisíciletí
Adam SzestaiAbstrakt
The main idea of this article lays down in the theory that the minorities can be the stabilizing element in the Central European region. The author offers the view of the minority politics as a triangle consisted of the three parties: the minority, the state, where the minority lives and the mother state. In the proces of European integration the Hungarian minority in the neighbouring countries, which would not seemingly participace, can spread the positive and the democratic ideas. The Hungarian government should co-operate and support the demands of the ethnic Hungarian minorities in order to strengten the stability of the region. Nevertheless the demands of the minority have to be consistentwith the general rules of the democratic constitutionality. These two factors are the best guaranties against the radicalization. The Institutionalised support of the contants between the mother country and the Hungarian minority should be openly declared, in opinion of author, because of the neighbouring countries would never believe that the Hungary withdraws from the relations with its ethnic minority. The conclusion is that through the minorities the Hungarian foreign policy could make the relations with the other countries better than now.
Klíčová slova
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Kádrová politika KSČ: definiční a metodologická poznámka ke studio elit v komunistickém Československu
Marek PavkaAbstrakt
The article deals with the possibilities of study of the elites in communist Czechoslovakia. Author suggest, that the application of approaches from the elite theory on the cadre policy of ruling communist party could help not only to better understanding of the totalitarian system and its elites, but on the other side, it could also find answers to some great problems of contemporary elite theory, above all the dilemma whether to study who decides, or how he decides. By studying the communist cadres policy we can see how was decided the problem who will decide.
Klíčová slova
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Stranické systémy Litvy a Lotyšska ve srovnávací prespektivě
Vít HloušekAbstrakt
The article tries to describe and compare two party systems of so-called postcommunist states. It describes briefly the tradition of party polities in Lithuania and Latvia since the 1890s and the principal conditions for the building of new party systems after 1988 (most of all the ethnic diversity). Then the development of parties and their interactions are described in the period 1988-1998 in both countries and the main current and former relevant parties and their programs. The last part of present article tries to compare these party systems and tries to categorize them according to Sartori’s typology and classification. First obstacle in this attempt is fact that only Lithuanian parties can be situated on the one dimension left-right scale (Sartori’s unidimensional simplification). Latvia party spectrum must be divided not only according to this left-right division but also according to the approach to the problem of Russian minority and its political right. That is why we have to create the second scale in which we can mark two positions of political parties: the “pragmatic” one (more “Russian- friendly” approach) and the “nationalistic” one. We can generally say that neither Lithuanian nor Latvian party system can be categorized according to standard Sartori’s classification. We can only see and describe some main tendencies of these party systems towards Sartori’s ideal models. These gradual processes (Lithuania’s transformation towards the limited pluralism and the Latvia’s one towards the polarized pluralism) are only conditional and can be changed. Party systems of Lithuania and Latvia are developing from the end of the 1980s as multipartistic systems which have entirely different structures and mechanisms of function. The party system of Lithuania shows remarkable signs of continuity. Letvia’s one belongs on the contrary to dynamic systems which still waits for its stabilization.
Klíčová slova
Recenze
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Slovensko 1997. Súhrnná správa o stve spoločnosti a trendoch na rok 1998
Lubomír KopečekAbstrakt
Martin Bútora, Michal Ivantyšyn (eds.). (1998). Slovensko 1997. Súhrnná správa o stve spoločnosti a trendoch na rok 1998, Bratislava: Inštitút pre veřejné otázky, 703 stran.
Klíčová slova
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Das Politische System in der Habsburgermonarchie
Halina MarešováAbstrakt
Hans Peter Hye (1998). Das Politische System in der Habsburgermonarchie, Praha: Karolinum, 260 stran.
Klíčová slova
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Důsledky modernity
Ondřej CísařAbstrakt
Anthony Giddens (1998). Důsledky modernity, Praha: SLON, 156 stran.
Klíčová slova
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Útěk od praporů. Kreml a krize impéria 1964 - 1991
Stanislav BalíkAbstrakt
Karel Durman (1998). Útěk od praporů. Kreml a krize impéria 1964 - 1991, Praha: Karolinum, 531 stran.
Klíčová slova
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Otázka demokracie. 4. Hodnoty, normy a instituce
Jan HolzerAbstrakt
Vladimír Čermák (1998). Otázka demokracie. 4. Hodnoty, normy a instituce, Olomouc: Nakladatelství Olomouc, 256 stran.
Klíčová slova
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Regionální strany a stranické systémy. Španělsko, Itálie, Velká Británie a Severní Irsko
Jiří MalířAbstrakt
Maxmilián Strmiska (1998). Regionální strany a stranické systémy. Španělsko, Itálie, Velká Británie a Severní Irsko, Brno: Centrum pro studium demokracie a kultury, 201 stran.
Klíčová slova
Informace
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"Členství v politických stranách ve znamení evropského sjednocování"
Vojtěch ŠimíčekAbstrakt
Ve dnech 13. a 14. listopadu se v německém Haagu konala mezinárodní konference věnovaná výše uvedeným tématům.
Klíčová slova