Archive 1/2001

Abstract

The paper discuss a set of issues related to the making of major and minor poles and of emerging patterns of party competition in post-authoritarian party arrangements in Greece, Spain and Portugal in late 1970s and early 1980s. A special attention is paid to the role of centralist and centre-positioned parties and/or alliances. Although some common points could be identified, the early post-authoritarian party system in Greece, Spanish and Portugal showed rather individual dynamics with respect to development of configuration of poles and of prevailing patterns of party competition and co-operation. In order to assess properly the dynamics, outcomes and mid- and long-term impacts of processes of reproduction and/or transformation of configuration of poles, the identities and properties of individual poles and their interaction fields should be analyzed thoroughly. It seems that a key role has been played in this respect by elements of heterogeneity within ideologically defined areas and by historically determined organizational deficits persisting within party families. The making and successful reproduction of major post-authoritarian party poles required capacities to occupy and control effectively large and heterogeneous sectors of political space. This was an extremely difficult task, especially for early post-authoritarian centre-based formations (e.g. the Spanish UCD in a position of major pole, the Greek EDIK in a position of minor pole) which, in the end, proved to be too much vulnerable. The elimination of these compounded poles could be regarded, in the long run, a prerequisite for an effective (but not necessarily symmetrical) re-structuration of party system and for establishing of relatively stable patterned interactions of major party and political actors.

Key words

party system, Greece, Spanish, Portugal, Polarity, post-authoritarian system, politický system, Řecko, Španělsko, Portugalsko, polarita, postautoritářský systém

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This essay presents a descriptive record of the crisis created in the American political system by the disputed presidential vote in the state of Florida, discusses its resolution and the public reaction to it, and contemplates suggested reforms of the presidential electoral system. In the conclusion it presents as illustration of the potential problems inherent in the election of the American President the three historical occasions on which the choice of the President was the result of more than the relationship between the popular vote and the vote of the electors and one case in which, like in the Gore v. Bush contest, the winner of the popular vote lost in the Electoral College.

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presidential elections, American political system, prezidentské volby, americký politický systém

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The main objective of this Article is to show how important are IGC’s proposals for positions of future negotiations. Therefore Author mentions two proposals – the first on regulation of European political parties and the second on introducing single electoral district in European Parliament elections, both emerged as materials of running Intergovernmental Conference, Author is discussing the recent position of European Parliament it the system of EU institutions and possible consequences of enacting proposals into European Community law system. Mainly he is interested in the question of the lost of institutional balance of power. The most important question is relation between these proposals and member states sovereignty. As the main danger for future political development in EU member countries he sees the degeneration of national political parties influence and the damaging of the so called Ideological Neutrality of Community. The both proposals are by Author seen as a possible tool for future political struggle in European integrity development.

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Treaty of Nice, European Parliament, EU, Smlouva z Nice, Evropský parlament, Evropská únie

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The article examines the question of continuity and discontinuity in the development of parties and party systems that have existed in Czechoslovakia in the course of the 20th century, furthermore, it focuses on the related issues of their transformation. Its author presents and designs analyses differences among the character and functions of political and party systems that ware formed as a consequence of the “break” points of the Czech political history in 1918, 1938/39, 1945, 1948 and 1989. It turns out the question of transformation, continuity or discontinuity of the political partisanship cannot be answered so easily. Nevertheless, it is possible to establish dominance of the elements of discontinuity, while in some aspects we can find a formal continuity and some phenomena tend to reproduce themselves in certain periods of history.

Key words

party system, Czechoslovakia, transformation, stranický system, Československo, transformace

Abstract

After the Senate-elections in November 2000 was again opened a discussion about the future of the Czech second chamber. But on the political agenda is today not a question of its abolition, but a question of the Senate’s reform. The main reform topic is a reconstitution of the Senate in relations with new regional assemblies; it was already a part of parliamentary debates in time of the new Constituents creation in 1992. The chambers of territorial representation represent the biggest group among the world’s bicameral parliaments. The aspects of regional character regard as creation as powers of the second chamber. The Czech parliamentarians stand before the very important decision, whether and why reforming the Senate, and if they decide about the change of its basic conception, how will be a face and role of the new chamber. There is not only one alternative to contemporary stand: the Senate can represent as regional as local or social interests. The risk of ill-considered reform is a danger of instability of Czech political and constitutional system.

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Senate, bicameral parliament, Czech parliament, Senát, dvoukomorový parlament

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Bellucci, P., Maraffi, M., Segatti, P.: PCI, PDS, DS. La Transformazione Dell'identitá Politica Della Sinistra di Governo, Donzelli Editore (Interventi No. 53), 178 pages.

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Bahr, E. (2000): Deutsche Interessen. Streitschrift zu Macht, Sicherheit und Aussenpolitik, Munchen: Karel Blessing Verlag.

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Hakenbergová, W. (2000): Základy evropského hospodářského práva, Praha: C. H. Beck, 289 pages.

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Dančík, B. (ed.), Pospíšil, I., Rakovský, A. (1999): Pobaltí v transformaci. Politický vývoj Estonska, Litvy a Lotyšska, Brno: Mezinárodní politologický ústav Masarykovy univerzity, 250 pages.

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Jean-Michel de Waele (1999): L'Émergence des Partis Politiques en Europe Centrale, Bruxelles: Editions de l'Université de Bruxelles, 354 pages.

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Staniszkis, J. (1999): Post-Communism, The Emerging Enigma, Warsaw: Institute of Political Studies, polish Academy of Sciences, 366 pages.

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Lešanovský, K. (2000): Se štítem a na štítě. Nezradili skautský slib, Praha: Úřad dokumentace a vyšetřování zločinů komunismu Policie ČR, 280 pages.

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Přibáň, J. (2001): Právo a politika konverzace, Praha: G plus G, 107 pages.

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